资料图:丝绸之路上的甘肃永靖县炳灵寺石窟。中新社发 杨艳敏摄
从“仰视”到“平视”,
是东方文化自信回归
中新社记者:我们以往经常说“崇洋”,但现在很多中国年轻人喜欢“国潮”“华流”,从东西文化吸引力的变化,能看出哪些历史逻辑?
邢广程:我年轻的时候,还能听到很多老年人将煤油叫“洋油”,火柴叫“洋火”。“洋”字代表了一种我们说不出的洋气感,其实就是文化吸引力。之前我们是仰视西方,现在不再仰视,而是平视,对西方的认识更客观,将西方文化作为一种和我们平等交流的文明载体来看待,东西文化吸引力不是单向的,而是双向、多向的。
这种心态的变化,最主要的支撑就是中国崛起。我们尝到了改革开放的甜头,尝到了全球化的甜头,尝到了文明互鉴的甜头,开放的大门会越开越大。同时,文化自信的程度越高,我们就越能感到有理由也有义务为人类文明做出更多中国贡献。
中新社记者:伊朗年轻一代有没有对于本民族文化或者东方文化的“自信回归”?
纳思霖:我非常认同邢教授的观点,我们强调保护自己的文化、语言和文明,但这不意味着封闭,我们要与其他文明在互相尊重的前提下密切交往。
近十年,越来越多伊朗年轻人对东方文化感兴趣,大学有中文系,每年都有很多新生选择学中文。从现实看,中文是世界第二大语言,不少学生认为学中文未来可以找份好工作,有不错的收入。从更深层次看,他们是被中华文化吸引,学习汉语时,也会想接触中国的文化和艺术。
“自信回归”是个非常好的提法。其实,我们现在常说的美国文化,历史不是很长,只有几百年,甚至都无法称之为文化。东方有深厚的文明积淀,伊朗和中国作为因丝绸之路结缘的两大文明,如今应该有更好的文明交流示范。
美国为何对“一带一路”如此纠结?
中新社记者:近年来,中国与部分西方国家之间的人文交流受限,如何看待政治操作对文明交往交融的影响?
冀开运:中国经过40多年的改革开放融入全球化以来,西方的自利心态就凸显出来:你不能比我富裕,不能比我平等,全球化的好处只应属于我。因此,当中国成为国际秩序建设者、维护者时,这样的国际秩序他们宁可不要。
另外,欧美一些人对中华文化、东方文化始终有傲慢与偏见。他们固执地认为东方文化就是愚昧、落后、专制,在意识形态偏见下产生了文明上的傲慢,而这种傲慢又进一步加深偏见。
中新社记者:有观点认为,美国在欧亚地缘政治上的频繁动作只有一个目的,即阻碍欧亚大陆经济整合,如何解释?
邢广程:今年,美国在乌克兰危机背后下了很大功夫,客观上对丝绸之路经济带,对欧亚“五通”产生影响,因为已经打起仗来了。同时,他又在海上搞印太经济框架,在21世纪海上丝绸之路上再做堵点。美国不断在陆上和海上给亚欧制造新堵点,这种战略意图非常明显。
“一带一路”没有排斥美国,也希望美国参加,但是“你不当头就不参加,你要参加必须当头,必须听你的话”,这种帝国思维已不适合21世纪的发展。
资料图:2022年12月12日,中欧班列(齐鲁号)第1900列顺利开行。图为开行的“齐鲁号”班列。山东高速 供图
中新社记者:如何让美国和西方理解超越意识形态的文明交流互鉴?
冀开运:全球化时代,中国离不开世界,世界也离不开中国。回顾古丝绸之路上的文明互鉴,有利于增进东西方在民族心理和文化信仰上的沟通理解。“脱钩”绝不符合世界人民的利益,也不符合中美两国利益。鼓噪“脱钩”言论,说明美国政客的狭隘和短见,事实上,也脱不了钩,不是中国人不想“脱钩”,美国的利益也要求无法“脱钩”。
邢广程:我们提出人类命运共同体理念,因为当今人类面临一大堆共同问题,包括气候、灾害、贫困等等,应对这些威胁只能团结协作、命运与共。上升到文明层面就要强调文明对话,强调文明是平等的,没有优劣之分。西方一定要消除“文明优越”的偏见,如果认定盎格鲁撒克逊民族天生高人一等,这就是对文明认识的扭曲。
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)